Nursing Care During Bone Marrow Transplant:

Nursing care during bone marrow transplants is crucial during patient admission to the unit. The following points must be kept in mind while handling a transplant patient.

Medication During Bone Marrow Transplant:

Medications play an important role in preventing infection during a bone marrow transplant. The main medicines used are antivirals, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-rejection immunosuppressive medication in allogeneic bone marrow transplants.

Safe Handling of Central Line:

Central lines are recommended for the transplant phase to give chemotherapy medicine and other medications, to transfuse blood and blood products, and to infuse stem cells or bone marrow. Central line care is critical when a patient becomes neutropenic, has zero white blood cells, or has very compromised immunity.

Mishandling of the central line catheter leads to serious complications during transplant. An infected catheter may lead to complications such as endocarditis, which is an infection of the layer covering the heart, and CLABSI. This can lead to life-threatening conditions or even death.

Maintaining patients’ hygiene: (Nursing care considerations)

Personal hygiene is very necessary to prevent patients from infections.

Management of neutropenia fever 🙁 Nursing care considerations)

When a patient’s immunity is compromised patient becomes at high risk for catching infections, especially central line-associated bloodstream infections. Moreover, if a patient develops a fever, they must consider the following measures.

• Send blood cultures to identify any bloodstream infection.
• Must send urine, routine examination, and urine culture
• Chest  X-ray to rule out hospital-acquired pneumonia
• Give an anti-pyretic to treat/ lower the fever
• Hydrate the patient to recover insensible loss and prevent dehydration.
• Start antibiotics as per your hospital formulary recommendations.

Keeping Patient in Isolation:

Keep the patient in a room with a HEPA-filtration device. As patients with compromised immunity are at higher risk of getting an infection from the air, the air in the room should be filtered and clean. The isolation is called neutropenia isolation. The patient should not be visited by many visitors or a person with a fever or any other contagious disease.

Laboratory Tests:

Daily monitoring of electrolytes, liver function tests, and complete blood count is necessary to monitor the daily status of the patient. Moreover, the laboratory indicates the condition of the internal body organs and also indicates the effects of medications on organs. Deranged or altered electrolyte levels must be replaced.

Preventing constipation: Encourage the patient to drink fluids and stay active by taking walks to help prevent constipation. Severe constipation leads to gastrointestinal disturbances such as gas and bloating, decreased appetite, and perianal muscle irritations and tears in case of very hard stool.

Pain management: During bone marrow transplant, patients may experience abdominal cramps due to diarrhea or mucositis /oral ulcer pain. Controlling pain is very necessary in bone marrow transplants. Such pains are relieved by painkillers, starting from lower intensity to higher intensity.

Mouth care: Mouth care is very important during bone marrow transplant, especially whenthe patient count becomes very low. Good mouth care prevents mouth ulcers. Medications used for routine mouth care are mouthwash containing antifungal ingredients, Nilstat oral drops, and any antiseptic gel. Furthermore, some studies suggest honey as a good remedy for mouth ulcers.

Control of bleeding: There could be a risk of bleeding during bone marrow transplant as the patient’s platelet count becomes very low during the neutropenia phase.

Prevent falls: Patients become very weak during transplant due to low intake and low hemoglobin, which could lead to low blood pressure,e which may result in falls. Patients need extraordinary care during ambulation.

Hair Fall Management:

Due to high-dose chemotherapy and total body irradiation, patients experience hair loss. Patients with long hair must be trimmed to avoid getting hair into the eyes, mouth, or ears due to excessive falls.

Management of diarrhea:

In bone marrow transplant patients get high-dose chemotherapy, which may cause severe loose motion and vomiting. Loose motions must be tested for any pathogens, especially clostridium\ diffecile and other gut pathogens. Patients with severe diarrhea should be resuscitated with intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration. Moreover, electrolytes should be replaced according to their normal ranges. Moreover, any detected pathogen must be treated with antibiotics.

Diet and Nutrition:

Patients become very selective regarding diet. Moreover, it is necessary to maintain the patient’s nutrition to bring the body back to its normal condition as chemotherapy hits all systems of the body. Due to this, patients become very weak and lethargic.

However, nutrition could be maintained by giving fluids containing high calories, such as shakes and ice creams. In case of decreased oral intake due to mucositis or oral ulcers, total parental nutrition could be given via central catheter to fulfill the patient’s nutritional requirements.

Important drugs and their levels:

Some important medicines are given to patients throughout the transplant process to prevent graft versus host disease, such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine. Moreover, the blood levels of these medicines are very important to prevent GVHD.

However, the trough level is taken before 30 minutes. If cyclosporine is given intravenous blood sample to monitor the drug level should be taken from the peripheral vein. When it is given through a central line, it internally coats the line,e and when blood is drawn,wn the coated drug becomes concentrated. This gives false results, usually very high levels.

Blood and blood products transfusion:

As chemotherapy given in the conditioning phase affects the whole bone marrow of the patient, it also impacts peripheral blood components, including platelets and red blood cells, resulting in the need for packed blood transfusions and platelet transfusions.

Infection Control Precautions:

Patients during transplant are at a very high risk of getting an infection.to  Prevent patients from infection, visitors need to control themselves, avoiding visiting a person having any sign of infections such as coughing, flu, and fever. Moreover, patients should have a special diet known as a neutropenia diet. Patients should avoid raw vegetables and some fruits which could not be peeled. Frozen food should be avoided, and fresh fruits should be encouraged. Drinking water should be boiled water or mineral water. Patient’s room should be with hepa filtration plant to purify the room air.

Maintaining Good Hydration:

Due to fever, diarrhea, decreased oral intake, and some medications,s patients become dehydrated, so hydration is needed to keep the kidneys well-functioning.

Hence, care ofthe patient during bone marrow transplant is a very crucial part of the transplant. Maintaining the patient’s diet, hygiene, and hydration are key components of transplant.